DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
RATIONALE
Diploma holders in Civil Engineering are supposed to effectively supervise construction of buildings. Effective supervision is essential to obtain/provide a fault free service from contractors to users. To perform above task, it is essential that students should have knowledge of various sub components of buildings like foundations, walls, roofs, staircases, floors etc., and their constructional details as well as preventive, remedial and corrective methods of common construction faults. Therefore, the subject of Building Construction is very important for Civil Engineering diploma holders.
LEARNING OUTCOME
After undergoing the subject, the students will be able to:
Define the different components and classification of building Select a foundation for particular type of building Explain different types of walls, scaffolding, shoring, underpinning and their constructional methodology Carry out the construction of brick wall. Supervise rubble and ashlar types of stone masonry construction Demonstrate the construction details of lintels and arches at appropriate level in building Select different types of doors, windows, floors and stairs cases in building Recognise different parts of roof trusses and drainage system of roofs Identify and select application procedure for different types of surfaces finishes in building i.e. plastering, pointing, painting, white washing and distempering Evaluate the possible reason of dampness at various level in building and remedial means Demonstrate how to carry out different types of possible anti termite treatments in building
DETAILED CONTENTS
THEORY:
1. Introduction: (01 hr)
1.1 Definition of a building, classification of buildings based on occupancy
2. Foundations: (07 hrs)
2.1 Concept of foundation and its purpose
2.2 Types of foundation-shallow and deep
**2.2.1 Shallow foundation - constructional details of: Spread foundations for walls, min. depth criteria, thumb rules for depth and width of foundation and thickness of concrete block, stepped foundation for masonry pillars and concrete columns
2.2.2 Introduction to deep foundation and their types
2.3 Earthwork
2.3.1 Layout/setting out for surface excavation, cutting and filling
2.3.2 Excavation of foundation, trenches, shoring, timbering and de- watering
3. Walls: (08 hrs)
3.1 Purpose of walls
3.2 Classification of walls - load bearing, non-load bearing, dwarf wall, retaining, breast walls and partition walls
3.3 Classification of walls as per materials of construction: brick, stone, reinforced brick, reinforced concrete, precast, hollow and solid concrete block and composite masonry walls
3.4 Partition walls: Constructional details, suitability and uses of brick and wooden partition walls
3.5 Scaffolding, construction details and suitability of mason’s brick layers and tubular scaffolding, shoring, underpinning
4. Masonry (09 hrs)
4.1 Brick Masonry: Definition of terms like header, stretcher, queen closer, king closer, frog and quoin, course, bond, facing, backing, hearting, jambs, reveals, soffit, plinth, pillars and pilasters
4.1.1 Bond – meaning and necessity; English, flemish bond and other types of bonds
4.1.2 Construction of brick walls –methods of laying bricks in walls, precautions observed in the construction of walls, methods of bonding new brick work with old (toothing, raking, back and block bonding), Expansion and contraction joints
4.1.3 Mortars: types, selection of mortar and its preparation
4.2 Stone Masonry
4.2.1 Glossary of terms – natural bed, bedding planes, string course, corbel, cornice, block in course grouting, moulding, templates, corner stone, bond stone, throating, through stone, parapet, coping, pilasters and buttress
4.2.2 Types of stone masonry: rubble masonry - random and coursed; Ashlar masonry, principles to be observed in construction of stone masonry walls
5. Arches and Lintels: (08 hrs)
5.1 Meaning and use of arches and lintels:
5.2 Glossary of terms used in arches and lintels - abutment, pier, arch ring, intrados, soffit, extrados, voussoirs, springer, springing line, crown, key stone, skew back, span, rise, depth of an arch, haunch, spandril, jambs, bearing, thickness of lintel, effective span
5.3 Arches:
5.3.1 Types of Arches - Semi circular, segmental, elliptical and parabolic, flat, inverted and relieving
5.3.2 Stone arches and their construction
5.3.3 Brick arches and their construction
5.4 Lintels
5.4.1 Purpose of lintel
5.4.2 Materials used for lintels
5.4.3 Cast-in-situ and pre-cast lintels
5.4.4 Lintel along with sun-shade or chhajja
**6. Doors, Windows and Ventilators: (08hrs)
6.1 Glossary of terms with neat sketches
6.2 Classification based on materials i.e. wood, metal and plastic and their suitability for different situations. Different type of doors- panel door, flush door, glazed door, rolling shutter, steel door, sliding door, plastic and alumininium doors
6.3 Window – Panel window, glazed windows (fixed and openable) ventilators, sky light window, Louveres shutters, plastic and aluminium windows.
6.4 Door and window frames – materials and sections, fixtures and fasteners, hold fasts
*7. Damp Proofing and Water Proofing (10 hrs)
7.1 Dampness and its ill effects on bricks, plaster, wooden fixtures, metal fixtures and reinforcement, damage to aesthetic appearance, damage to
7.2 Sources of dampness - moisture penetrating the building from outside e.g. rainwater, surface water, ground moisture. Moisture entrapped during construction i.e. moisture in concrete, masonry construction and plastering work etc. Moisture which originates in the building itself i.e. water in kitchen and bathrooms etc.
7.3 Damp proofing materials and their specifications: rich concrete and mortar, bitumen, bitumen mastic, polymer coating, use of chemicals
**8. Floors (09 hrs)
8.1 Glossary of terms-floor finish, topping, under layer, base course, rubble filling and their purpose
8.2 Types of floor finishes - concrete flooring, tile flooring, stone (marble and kota) flooring. Timber flooring, timber floor finish and their brief description
8.3 Special emphasis on level/slope/reverse slope in bathrooms, toilets, kitchen, balcony and staircase
9. Roofs (07 hrs)
9.1 Types of roofs, concept of flat, pitched and arched roofs
9.2 Glossary of terms for pitched roofs - batten, eaves, facia board, gable, hip, lap, purlin, rafter, rag bolt, valley, ridge, rain water gutter, anchoring bolts
9.3 False ceilings using gypsum, plaster boards, cellotex, fibre boards
10. Stairs (07hrs)
10.1 Glossary of terms: Staircase, winders, landing, stringer, newel, baluster, riser, tread, width of staircase, hand-rail, nosing
10.2 Classification of staircase on the basis of material – RCC, timber, steel, Aluminium
10.3 Planning and layout of staircase: Relations between rise and tread, determination of width of stair, landing etc
10.4 Various types of layout - straight flight, dog legged, open well, quarter turn, half turn (newel and geometrical stairs), bifurcated stair, spiral stair
11. Surface Finishes (08 hrs)
11.1 Plastering - classification according to use and finishes like plain plaster, grit finish, rough cast, pebble dashed, concrete and stone cladding etc., dubbing, proportion of mortars used for different plasters, techniques of plastering and curing
11.2 Pointing - different types of pointing and their methods
11.3 Painting - preparation of surface, primer coat and application of paints on wooden, steel and plastered wall surfaces
11.4 Application of white washing, colour washing and distempering, polishing, application of cement and plastic paints
11.5 Selection of appropriate paints/finishes for interior and exterior surfaces
11.6 Importance of preparation of surfaces such as hacking, grooving etc before application of surface finishes
Note * An expert may be invited from field/industry for extension lecture** A field visit may be planned to explain and show the relevant things
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Gupta, Sushil Kumar, Singla, DR, and Juneja BM; "A Text Book of Building Construction"; Ludhiana, Katson Publishing House.
2. Deshpande, RS and Vartak, GV; "A Text Book of Building Construction"; Poona, United Book Corporation.
3. Rangwala, SC: "Building Construction"; Anand, Charotar Book Stall
4. Kulkarni, GJ; "A Text Book of Building Construction"; Ahmedabad Book Depot
5. Arora, SP and Bindra, SP; "A Text Book of Building Construction"; New Delhi Dhanpt Rai and Sons.
6. Sharma,SK and Kaul, BK; "A Text Book of Building Construction"; Delhi, S Chand and Co.
7. Sushil Kumar; "Building Construction"; Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi
8. Moorthy, NKR; "A Text Book of Building Construction"; Poona, Engineering Book Publishing Co.
9. SP – 62 Hand Book of BIS
10. B.I.S. – 6313 Part 1, 2, 3
11. National Building Code
12. Handbook of Civil Engineering by PN Khanna
13. Video films on Damp proofing, water proofing, surface finishes